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All rights reserved. *}RAny unauthorized duplication or reproduction of this guide for commercial purposes *>-is strictly prohibited by International law. 'Any commercial inquiries regarding this Otext should be made in writing to ICE Integrated Communications & Entertainment *>*Inc., 489 Queen Street East., Suite 300, T oronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A )1Iarning: The authors, producers, distributors or agents of the Ideas that Changed the W orld Parent-T -eacher Guide are not liable for any injury or Dproperty damage resulting from activities discussed in this guide. Eactivities involving children should be done under adult supervision. Times New Roman able of Contents Arial THE PURPOSE OF THIS GUIDE SUGGESTIONS T ARENTS AND TEACHERS THE FIRST INVENTIONS Early T Making Fire Ritual And Ceremony 0 Diagram 1 0 Diagram 2 IMPROVING MAN'S CHANCES OF SUR VIVAL Early Farming The Plow Scientific Agriculture Basic Shelter Stone and Concrete Construction aults and Domes Metal in Building Construction Early Medicine accination Advances in Medicine 0 Diagram 1 0 Diagram 2 0 Diagram 3 0 Diagram 4 FROM FLINT T OOLS T O PRODUCTION LINES Hand T Simple Machines 0 Machine T Mass Production 0 Diagram 1 UTILIZING THE EARTH'S RESOURCES Natural Power The Steam Engine Electricity and the Battery Arial Internal Combustion The Jet Engine Rockets Nuclear Power USING NA TURAL ARTIFICIAL TERIALS Pottery and Glass orking in Metal Plastics SHRINKING THE WORLD Boats and Rafts The Compass 0 The Wheel Roads and Railways Flight Scripts and W Alphabets The Book Optical Inventions Remote Communications Sound Recording Moving Images 0 Computers 0 Diagram 1 0 Diagram 2 0 Diagram 3 0 Diagram 4 0 Diagram 5 0 Diagram 6 0 Diagram 7 0 Diagram 8 0 Diagram 9 EPILOGUE BIBLIOGRAPHY Times New Roman Purpose Arial The Ideas that Changed the W orld Parent-T eachers Guide is designed to 0Kenable the parent/teacher to guide and enhance a student's understanding of the development of mankind s greatest inventions. This is accomplished both 0Bthrough maximizing the use of the CD-ROM, and encouraging research *>&activities beyond the CD-ROM's scope. The manual consists mainly of questions and activities. 2The questions could be used to monitor a student's 0Eprogress in comprehending the content; the activities are intended to *?Oencourage a student to explore the topics in a variety of ways, often including "hands-on" activity ;. It is important that the parents/teachers become involved 0>by providing purpose and direction to the student's learning. The learning 0Nprogram could be quite formal, with highly-structured and specific educational expectations; or 7, could be informal, with students using the CD-ROM and 0Imanual for recreational or exploratory purposes. Use of the CD-ROM in any )^K, is certainly going to improve the student's research skills, while at the 0+same time satisfying a quest for knowledge. *}PThe questions and activities try to direct the student into the more significant aspects of each topic. a,They have also been designed so that certain 0Ceducational understandings are encountered by the student, such as: )2GThe tremendous impact of invention on our everyday lives, including the *>,student's, and on the history of all people. )2:The chronological and often logical development of ideas. )2;The dangers inherent to those who pioneered in technology. )2JThe need for ideas from many people, often required before a major idea or development could be achieved. )2EThe importance of tools and machines in the development of new ideas. )2LThe importance of the knowledge of the characteristics of materials, natural *?+or artificial, in order to make the most ef fective use of them. )23The realization of the favorable and unfavorable ef fects that new b1technologies could have on their lives in future. )2GCareer opportunities for today's students may increase in certain areas *?&because of technological developments. Times New Roman Suggestions on using the CD-ROM ef c fectively Arial Choice *?HEvery student is unique. Parents/teachers may be using the CD-ROM with a *>M10 or 16 year old; with a computer-literate student, or a beginner; with one *?Qinterested in flight, or one interested in glass-making; with a student who likes to draw 1, or with one who would rather build a model; or .. or ...or ....Obviously 0Pthe parent/teacher should work with the student to select topics of interest. In *>Hsome instances the topic to be researched will be determined by a sudden *?,interest caused by a personal experience, a TV program, a book, or by a 0Jproject required at school. Questions and activities assigned to a student *?(must be suited to his or her INTERESTS, ABILITIES and NEEDS. There is a 0Mgreat deal of choice in this guide--take full advantage of it to motivate and *?1interest the unique learner you are working with. Full use of the Resource *>,Ensure at the start that the student has suf X%ficient computer skills to access all 0Jthe information available on the CD-ROM. Some of the questions and answers *>Hrequire the student to search out data beyond the CD-ROM. Such items are marked with a 4so that when guiding the student, you know where the 0 information needed may be found. Questions versus Activities 0KBecause the CD-ROM will have a variety of users with a variety of purposes; *>Qboth questions and activities are provided. Generally the questions are of *?Fthe comprehension type, ie. designed to assess whether the student has *>Kunderstood the material. Questions may be assigned to ensure that a student *?Ehas completed a work assignment. For this reason answers are provided *>!separately from the guide. ,,Activities are of a more exploratory nature, 08better suited to more informal or recreational purposes. Safety *>>aware of the dangers of activities being explored by students. Arial Exploration never ends *>KAt all times parents and teachers should be aware of opportunities enabling *?Mstudents to learn about and experience the world of invention in which we all live. )wHThe value of using the computer and exploring the potential of the Ideas that Changed the W 3orld CD-ROM, can be greatly enhanced by encouraging 0Istudents to "think technologically", ie. encouraging them to seek out how *?Mthings work, and why things happen as they do, in the real world around them. Useful Bibliography 0NThe bibliography has been included for several reasons. It is there to provide *?Ladditional research resources beyond the one provided at the end of the full text. More importantly J3, it has a number of books included which have been 0Pwritten for the young; several of which provide additional activities that could *>Lbe explored to enrich other studies. In addition to the bibliography in this *?Iguide, further references may be found in the bibliography on the CD-ROM. Times New Roman The First Inventions Arial Theme The beginning of technology 1, of finding practical ways to improve the living 02standards of peoples, is described in this chapter . Civilization advanced hand 0&in hand with the advance of technology ", and two of the three legs of the 0Mso-called tripod of civilization, fire, tools and language, were improvements *> directly related to technology. "(The First Inventions - Diagram 2) Early T ).9For how many years are we certain humans have used tools? ).DWhy was flint so suited to the first technologists for making tools? ).3What was the important find made by the Leakeys in Africa? )_@rite a few paragraphs on archaeologists, explaining why they are important, and techniques they use. ).DExplore flint. Rock and mineral books (or gem stores) would provide *?Jdata on this rock which was so important to primitive peoples. If flint is *>'available, try making a primitive tool. Making Fire ).,Which was the first human group to use fire? ).EExplain: Fire was much more important to the early humans than merely in keeping them warm. EExplore the rotating stick technique of making fire, and as well the *>:striking of two pieces of flint together to cause sparks. This MUST Hdone outside, because of the danger of FIRE. If done at night it will be *>1possible to see the sparks as well as smell them. Arial Ritual and Ceremony ry dancing the T H)ango, according to the explanation given. ).7Suggest several reasons why early man created cave art. Why is it believed "V enus Figurines" were made? How might a "V E"enus Figurine" from the 1990's dif fer from the ancient ones? ).FEmploy the discovery section to determine the type of animal hidden by the grime. ).GExplore the topic of cave art, and draw some figures using that ancient style of drawing. Arial THE FIRST INVENTIONS THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD ON A 24-HOUR CLOCK 10 P.M. 11 P.M. 12 P.M. 1 A.M. 2 A.M. Last 2 Minutes 1 P.M. 2 P.M. 3 P.M. 4 P.M. 5 P.M. 6 P.M. 7 P.M. 8 P.M. 9 P.M. 3 A.M. 4 A.M. 5 A.M. 6 A.M. 7 A.M. 8 A.M. 9 A.M. 10 A.M. 11 A.M. 5 hr. 21 minutes later, first single-cell ** organisms 8 hrs later, the 1st vertebrates appear MIDNIGHT 128 minutes ago fish appeared in *) abundance 96 minutes ago, Reptiles appear 77.8 minutes ago Dinosaurs appear 21 minutes ago Dinosaurs disappear 11:58 11:59 76.8 seconds ago, *) man walks 12:00 1 second to go, rituals develop 7.67 seconds ago, fire is developed 29 seconds ago, tools developed 5/100th sec. ago Industrial Revolution starts 1/100,000th sec. ago, Atomic Age begins )(Based on an Earth 4.5 Billion years old) l Diagram 1 Arial Language Civilization THE FIRST INVENTIONS THE CIVILIZA TION TRIPOD Three Factors That Support It s Diagram 2 Times New Roman Improving Man s Chances of Survival Arial Theme *>IUnder this topic the CD-ROM explores many improvements made to the quali- ty of life for human beings. -This section ranges from farming to medicine. Early Farming Where did farming likely start? How did farming af fect urbanization? FDiscuss the relationship between food surplus, urbanization, and tech- nological development. ).0Why was the "shaduf" physically easy to operate? DThrough the activity button, learn how to bake bread, and then, with *?0adult assistance, try it using real ingredients. The Plow +l}?Describe the several improvements the Chinese made to the plow. 5Using the activity button, play the game on the plow. Scientific Agriculture What were Lord T ~3ownshend's two major contributions to farming. Name #the plants in the Norfolk Rotation? ).6Why was McCormick's reaper an improvement over others? Arial How did Jethro T n-ull's seed drill make use of non-agricultural technology? /Start your own garden, either indoor or outdoor ary the growing ?conditions for similar plants in the same part of the garden. Y ou could Jvary the type and amount of fertilizer used, the amount of water provided, *>!or the soil components. If indoor &, you can also change the color of the light used. Record the dif ferent ef fects of such changes. Basic Shelter )29Name five natural materials used to build early shelters. Why do homes built by dif ferent primitive peoples dif ).3Play the matching game through the activity button. ).*Make some small bricks, using molds, straw , clay and water. )JEents were among the earliest shelters. Construct a simple one inside, Husing sticks and blankets or similar items, or; construct a lean-to out- side using natural materials. >1(Improving Man's Chance of Survival - Diagram 1) Stone and Concrete Construction ).+Describe how the pyramids were constructed. What is concrete made of? ).3Draw and label the three types of Greek capitals. (Improving Man Chance of Survival - Diagram 2). Crossword puzzle. (Improving Man "s Chance of Survival - Diagram 3). Arial aults and Domes ).2What kind of construction do most skyscrapers use? ).-Explain how corbelled roofs were constructed. ADraw sketches using the diagrams on the CD-ROM of the following : *?Hbarrel vault, intersecting vaults, Gothic pointed arch, trusses, flying buttresses, Byzantine dome. Metal in Building Construction ).FWho built the world's first iron bridge, and where was it constructed? ).0Why is the I-beam so suited for frame buildings? ).>What problem did Elisha Otis solve, and what was his solution? Improving Man 3!s Chances of Survival - Diagram 4 Early Medicine ).8Why were medicine men and priests often the same person? ).7Name the three famous Greek and Roman medical pioneers. )."What were the four "Greek Humors"? *>&How did the Greeks think each humor af fected health? Draw and color the well-known Y in and Y ang Chinese symbol, and -beneath it explain what each one represented. ).7Do further exploration on acupuncture and how it works. Arial accination +E}1Research the famous medical pioneer Edward Jenner , describing in two $or three paragraphs his life's work. Advances in Medicine +l},What is "laughing gas" called by scientists? )NDry hearing the heartbeat of a friend by employing the technique used ne Laennec. Y +ou should be able to count the heart beats. FCompare your heart rate with theirs, or compare the readings when they *?%are at rest, and after some exercise. ).EMatch the doctors and their work by drawing arrows linking them: esalius Sphygmomanometer Galileo Stethoscope on Basch Inoculation Helmholtz Thermometer Laennec Carbolic Lister Opthalmoscope Pasteur Dissections ).@Advances in medicine continue to be made, and one entire area of *??medical research has been in the miniaturization of equipment, especially for surgeons. V iew the 1966 film "Fantastic V oyage", in which Dminiaturized people enter the blood stream and repair damage inside the patient's body 3. Medical technologists are developing tiny working Emachines which could soon be placed in a patient's circulation system *>Ito carry out diagnostic functions. Miniaturizing PEOPLE is still Sci Fi!! Arial IMPROVING MAN S CHANCES OF SUR VIVAL SIMPLE LEAN-TO o Diagram 1 Arial IMPROVING MAN S CHANCES OF SUR VIVAL THREE TYPES OF GREEK CAPIT r Diagram 2 Doric Ionic Corinthian Arial Across 1 - Istanbul's great church )]!Ancient Egypt's great achievement }:7 - Consists of lime, sand and fragments of stone or brick *5the diagram, first design and then build a bridge out *?8of popsicle (or art) sticks and circular pieces of light cardboard to make the sections. (See bibliography re: T ritech) Circular or rectangular cardboard could replace strips Light cardboard cut to desired length #Reinforce cardboard with art sticks *<&glued to other Side (could also serve as a ledge for roadway) COMPONENT FOR BUILDING Bridges, Skyscrapers, etc. m Diagram 4 IMPROVING MAN S CHANCES OF SUR VIVAL Times New Roman From Flint T ools to Production Lines Arial Theme *?NHumans have constantly tried to find better and better tools to give them more *>1control over the natural materials on the earth. As those tools became more 0Acomplex, machines were developed, and finally rows of machines in *>&production lines, making the rapid, ef *ficient production of millions of consumer products possible. Hand T )2EPut in order of their use, the first three metals used in making hand tools. )2=How many years elapsed from the earliest use of copper to the Assyrian use of iron? Simple Machines )27Name the five labor-saving machines used by the Greeks. )2,Which two tools used the power of the wedge? How did /Archimedes (ca.287 - 212 B.C.) aid agriculture? )RFou can easily demonstrate the power of the lever for yourself. Place a Dboard beneath a heavy object, and place the fulcrum near the object. *>&See how easy it is to lift the weight. ^"Then change the fulcrum so that it Iis a foot farther from the weight, and lift. What change do you notice in *>#the apparent weight of the object? .#The use of a longer board will give @you a fuller understanding of the principles involved in levers. (From Flint T &ools to Production Lines - Diagram 1). Arial )2FConstruct an overbalancing wheel using heavy cardboard, a nail for the *>Icentral pivot point, and plasticine, popsicle sticks and bent pins to add the arms. Similarly *, a paddle wheel could be even more easily 0constructed and spun with moving water or a fan. 0 Machine T )2DWhat invention replaced the person who had to turn the first lathes? What were the ef t#fects of the Industrial Revolution? Fcompare it (advantages and disadvantages) to the assembly line method. Arial Apply pressure to lift weight Lever eight Fulcrum Move the fulcrum and try again THE POWER OF THE LEVER l Diagram 1 FROM FLINT T OOLS T O PRODUCTION LINES Times New Roman Utilizing the Earth s Resources Arial Theme This chapter describes how dif ferent men and women from dif ferent countries 0Kmade it possible for machines to actually do the work that human muscle had *>4been required to accomplish for thousands of years. These were essential 0Oideas, for they freed us from countless tasks, enabling the energy in nature to *>.replace physical labor; BRAINS rather than BRA Natural Power Sadly %, what was the first source of power? ).AName the three kinds of water wheel, according to where the water struck the wheel. ).CList in chronological order (from earliest to latest discovery) the *>Bfollowing sources of power: Roman geared mill, people, Greek water wheel, horses, windmill, oxen. Sketch a T :ower windmill, and if the materials are available, build a Dsimple model using light cardboard of any windmill type. Be sure the *?7windmill is functional, ie. you can turn it with a fan. Investigate solar power +, and the problems associated with its use. &Prepare a brief report, on this topic. The Steam Engine ).CHow did an Egyptian man named Hero become a part of the story about the steam engine? Who was James W 1att and what were the three improvements he added to Newcomen's engine? ).%Who was the immediate forerunner of W att in England? ).=Name two methods of transportation that use the steam engine. Arial ).HIt is possible to buy simple steam engines in toy or science/educational stores. ?They illustrate perfectly the principles of steam engines, and are reasonable in price. ).BDetermine through research how nuclear power plants are related to *?Asteam engines, thus showing how old and new technology often work *> together. Electricity and the Battery ).HHow did Franklin illustrate electricity and to what practical use did he put this knowledge? Name and explain V !olta's two electrical inventions. Why did 3AC win out over DC as the chief current to be used? o illustrate static electricity , simply comb your hair rapidly , then try to Bpick up a tiny piece of paper or kleenex with the end of the comb. )E%ferent combs, and someone else's hair , will perhaps pick up larger Fpieces. Rubbing wool or cotton sweaters with a comb will also build up a static charge. Insert two dif some experimentation on flight. !Adult supervision is recommended. Nuclear Power ).1What is fission, and what happens when it occurs? ).FState Einstein's famous equation, and explain what the various symbols mean. )..How does a nuclear power station create power? ).GUsing the activity button describe the protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom. ).EPrepare a report of at least two paragraphs explaining the dangers of *?Anuclear reactors. Be sure and mention in this report the infamous Chernobyl disaster. ).DUsing the activity button, sketch and label a diagram illustrating a nuclear reaction. Times New Roman Using Natural and Artificial 0 Materials Arial Theme ?GAll technological development must make use of the forces and materials 0Jprovided by what is often called "Mother Earth". Human beings cannot truly *?F"create" any materials; everything must be made from those materials *>Fprovided by our home, planet earth. It becomes important then for all *?Iscientists and technologists to become as knowledgeable as possible about *>Qthe characteristics of the earth's materials, and those artificial materials that have been fashioned from them. Pottery and Glass ).4What is a potter's wheel and what made it so useful? ).>How did the development of pottery change settlement patterns? How did porcelain ware dif \#fer from pots made of regular clay? ).-What are the three major components of glass? ) Ery making pottery yourself. Science/educational/hobby stores have the Ematerials and equipment to make excellent products reasonably simply. orking in Metal ).DWhat are the qualities of metals that make them superior to clay and stone? )..What is an ore, and what is meant by smelting? ).5How is bronze made, and why is it superior to copper? ).DExplain this statement, "The Chinese beat the Europeans when it came *?Fto smelting iron". How quickly could an idea pass to-day from China to Europe? Arial ).DWhat was fed into a blast furnace to produce iron? What created the *>#blast in the Chinese blast furnace? 8Use the activity button to play the Metal Detector game. Plastics ).4How did Charles Goodyear discover vulcanized rubber? ).DWho discovered the first plastic, what was it called, and how was it formed? Serendipity 7, or good luck, can result in new ideas and inventions. #Explain this in regard to plastics. Explain polymerization? Name 5 dif *ferent plastics formed using this process. ) 3ry the unscrambling game under the activity button. Times New Roman Shrinking the W Arial Theme *>NIt is often said that it is a small world. In fact, in some ways that world is becoming even smaller j-, though it remains as large as it ever was. 0Kshrinking is being caused by the technological advances, some of which, for *?Gexample, enables us to travel in a few hours by supersonic jet across a *>6distance which once required months to cross on foot. The incredible 0;advances in communications have made the world even smaller Z , for now 0Mmessages can travel at the speed of light, 186,000 miles a second, a distance *?$almost 8 times around the equator !! Boats and Rafts +l}FWhat did the Egyptians add to their warships which became standards on later galleys? FCarry out research on how sails can be manipulated or adjusted to make *?Huse of the wind even when it is not blowing in the direction you want to The Compass +l}@Compasses work because their magnetized needles line up with the *>Eearth's magnetic field which runs north-south. What must be true abou *?Athe rock known as lodestone, if it also lines up with that field? ).EIt is relatively easy to make a simple compass. Magnetize a needle by *?Epassing one end of an existing bar magnet along the needle repeatedly *>Din the SAME direction until the needle itself becomes a small magnet *?.and is able to pick up a small piece of iron. Then fasten this needle to a Kthin slice of cork, float it on water and note that it will always point in *?)the same direction. Mark the correct end for North, and the other for south. ).7Play the game on the compass under the activity button. Arial ).BThree of the major directions have been marked in. Label the other thirteen directions correctly (Shrinking the W orld - Diagram 1). 0 The Wheel +l}!As far as the archaeologists know !, where was the wheel first used? ).DMake a simple sketch as it would look from above, of a travois being pulled by an animal. ).>Sketch and label a rotating wheel inside a bearing on an axle. ).=Make a model of a wheel turning on an axle inside a bearing. This can 'be done using two plastic straws of dif ferent thicknesses. The thinner Hstraw (axle) turns within the thicker one (bearing), and the ends of the *?)axle can be splayed to hold the wheels. Attach a cart using tape to the 7bearing, and you have a simple and functioning vehicle. (Shrinking the W orld - Diagram 2). Roads and Railways ).AUsing an atlas name at least eight present-day countries in which *?%Roman roads were built centuries ago. ).,How did the Mesopotamians layer their roads? ).0What was McAdam's contribution to road building? ).5Why were mines the first areas where rails were used? ).FUsing the activity button, carefully watch to see how the famous Roman roads were built. ).DThere are two modern railroad developments that should be mentioned, France's T )k6. and Japan's bullet trains. Prepare a short report on each of these new speedy trains. Arial Flight ).%Why was hydrogen used for ballooning? ). What was the occupation of the W right brothers in Dayton, Ohio? How did the W rights test their wing designs? )J?o experience the development of flight, there are several films available that could be viewed. They are: "The Blue Max", 1966, showing fighter aircraft in W orld W $ar 1; "The Battle of Britain", 1969, Cdepicting this famous battle between German and British aircraft in orld W )]<1, (and the importance of technological superiority in radar as well as aircraft); "T -op Gun", 1986, showing aerial combat with the Gmore recent types of jet aircraft and aircraft technology; and finally, "2001: A =Space Odyssey", describing futuristic travel in space with an Demphasis on many technological aspects involved. (See also the topic *?F"The Jet Engine" in this manual for other videos available on flight). ).HMatch up the following pioneers of flight with the most appropriate term *>$related to each one, using an arrow: Leonardo Da V wing shapes Clement manned balloon J.A.C.Charles 2,000 glider flights Otto Lilienthal use of hydrogen balloons George Cayley ornithopter Montgolfier bros. pilotless glider flight Henri Gif the eole Samuel Langley steam-driven steerable airship (See Answer Book, Shrinking the W orld page 9) ).FIf possible, visit the outstanding museum at Kitty Hawk, N.C., and see *>Lthe actual site of the first manned flight in a heavier than air craft. (See *?Ethe topic "The Jet Engine" for a listing of four other flight museums definitely worth visiting.) )J+o improve your concept of flight technology , it is easy to make and Istudy the "flight" of whirlybird. Merely cut one out and see how it flies when dropped from the ceiling. %Then vary where you put the clip, the Hlength and thickness of the arms, the number and size of the clips, etc. *>0and record how the flight characteristics are ef fected. (Shrinking the orld - Diagram 3). Arial Scripts and Alphabets ).,What need led to the development of writing? ).#What is meant by cuneiform writing? )./What does the Egyptian term hieroglyphics mean? )..Which people finally developed the alpha beta? ).CUse the activity button to chip out a famous quote by Julius Caesar *?)from Shakespeare's play of the same name. ).-Pictographs are reasonably easy to develop. T ry making simple pictures &to represent the following sentences. o Then stylize the pictures into a Ehieroglyphic or symbolic form, for example a man could be a circle on top of two angled lines. *?+Man went to market bought three vegetables. Cat in tree watches dog bark. ).EFor centuries Roman numerals were used throughout the civilized world *?Eand, in fact, are still used to-day in specialized ways. Research the *>.numerals, so that you can write the following Arabic numbers in Roman $Numerals: your age, 1996, 849, 1776. The Book )."Why were clay tablets so limiting? ).4How did the Egyptians make paper from papyrus reeds? ).(How were the first papers made in China? ).EGutenburg is justly famous for his technological improvement. How did *? he revolutionize communications? ).HUsing the activity button try your hand at printing the way it was first done using blocks. Arial ).DUsing the activity button view the new developments which started in the 1450's with Gutenberg. ).BIt is possible to make paper in your home. First cut up some paper *?Htowels into small pieces, place them into a saucepan half full of water, *>!and then boil the mix for an hour '. Stir this mixture vigorously and then Lmix it in a blender until it is like a porridge. Let the mix cool, then pour )/Cf all the excess water you can. Next take a piece of fine wire mesh Gand place an inch or more of the mix evenly on top of it so much of the *>Ewater can drain through it. Place the mesh on some absorbent material *?Eand use a piece of cardboard to press more water several times out of *>Athe pulpy mix. When it is dry enough and well pressed, peel it of f the Cmesh, hang it up to dry (or use a hair drier) and you have now some home-made paper. Optical Inventions ).FWho was the English writer who first realized the potential of lenses? ).GWhat were the contributions in regard to optical inventions made by the *> Dutchman :Antonie Leeuwenhoek, the Italian Guiseppi Campani, and the Englishman Robert Hooke? ).AWhat were the two related contributions made by the Dutchman Hans Lippershey? ).AGalileo carried forward telescope development, but what discovery *?Dabout the Solar System, made using telescopes, put him into conflict with the church of that day? ).IHow did the reflecting telescope of scientist, Sir Isaac Newton, actually work? ).&Using the activity button, see the dif H!ference focussing with a lens can make. ).AReproduce and label the diagrams showing how faulty vision can be corrected with lenses. Arial ferent materials do dif ferent things to light rays. T o illustrate the refraction of light by water R0, place a coin in a tea cup so that at a certain Nangle, it is just out of sight. Gently fill the cup with water until the coin *>Dwhich couldn't be seen, gradually comes into view simply because the *?Cwater bends the light rays. It is because of this phenomenon, that *>>spear fishermen always aim slightly behind the fish; they have *?Fdiscovered through centuries of experience that the water distorts the *>;position of the fish and it isn't where it appears to be. (Shrinking the orld - Diagram 4). ).>In complete darkness, place a mirror on one side of a piece of *>Ccardboard in which you have cut a very narrow vertical slit. Move a *?Kflashlight on the other side of the cardboard so that the light reflects in )=!ferent directions from the mirror After some experimentation, you Dshould be able to predict that if you move the flashlight in one way , how Cthe light will be reflected, and even the angle of that reflection. (Shrinking the W orld - Diagram 5). Remote Communications ).4Explain this statement: Morse Code is very flexible. ). What are radio waves in reality? )."Explain how diodes and triodes dif fer and who invented them. )."Research the life of sound pioneer , Ray Dolby. Crossword Puzzle. (Shrinking The W orld - Diagram 6). Sound Recording ).;How did Edison's tin foil cylinder phonograph machine work? ).CWho were the two Frenchmen who used discs similar to the modern-day records in their phonautograph? ).CWhat has been the most significant modern breakthrough in recording sound on a disc? Arial ).=Use the activity button to hear Edison's voice from long ago. ).AAsk an adult to tell you the speeds of the three types of records *>#available when they were teenagers. iew the movie, "Edison, The Boy Who Lit Up The W orld", (1983) about one of 9America's foremost inventors. Older films about Edison do appear from time to time on TV. They are also worth watching. Moving Images ).CWho made possible the critical move from glass plate photography to the use of film? ).)How did Edison produce the first "movie"? *?EHow did he and his associates improve the film itself to make for its movement smoother? ).3Who invented the Cinematograph, and what did it do? ).1In television usage, what is meant by "scanning"? ).?How did John Logie Baird's primitive scanning apparatus compare *?'statistically to the ones in use today? *> When did the B.B.C. first begin TV broadcasting? )RCiew the invention by Joseph Plateau, the Phenakistoscope, under the Eactivity button. Read why this system worked. Modern movie film shows *?-every frame for one twenty sixth of a second. ou can create the same ef p-fect that is created by movie film reasonably easily. T Csquares on each one. Place a stick man about to kick a football and *?Cchange the drawing's position and the man's movements progressively *>Huntil he has kicked the ball. By holding the cards in order in your left *?Ehand and flipping through them, you will see the "movie" as the stick *>)man appears to move and kicks the ball. (Shrinking the W orld - Diagram 7). Arial )JCo demonstrate the basic principles behind reproducing an image, all Gyou need is a shoe-box, a nail, some light wax paper (or tissue paper), *?Gand some adhesive tape. Using the nail, punch small holes in the box in *>Ithe center of both ends. Inside the box tape in a piece of wax paper half *?Dway down and completely across the box. Put the top on the box, and tape it down completely 1. Point the box at a well-lit object (TV screen, Dwindow) preferably in a darkened room. Peer through the other end of *>-the box, and notice how the image appears dif ferently on the paper Einside. Experiment by varying the distance your wax paper is from the *>2end of the box, and varying the size of the holes. (Shrinking the W orld - Diagram 8.) 0 Computers )./What number system is used in modern computers? ).4What replaced the valves in computers in the 1950's? ).;How did the third generation of computers improve their use considerably? ).*Name two uses made possible by microchips. ).FThe Chinese device known as the abacus is still in use in parts of the *?Jworld today as it is a great aid to calculation. Using the activity button *>:research and experiment with building and using an abacus. ).GFill in the blanks with the appropriate surnames, then circle each name in the scrambled puzzle below: )S=The Frenchman who probably built the first mechanical adding machine_______________. )S?The Englishman who is given credit for first designing machines 0bearing similarities to computers _____________. )S5The name of the first electronic computer___________. )SBThe person who developed the spy code computer called the "British Colossus"._______________. The corporation that Howard Aiken worked with to produce an -enormous electromechanical calculator_______. )S9The present-day aspect of the computer for which John Von .Neumann realized the potential_______________. Arial )S%video, sounds, etc._________________. (Shrinking the W orld - Diagram 9). ).+See the text in the bibliography by Goeller , "How T o Make Adding Machine That Even (Adds Roman Numerals", and build your own calculator using EGG CART ONS!! Arial N.N.E $ASS COMPLETION Under the Compass k Diagram 1 SHRINKING THE WORLD Arial AXLE Thin Straw AR or splay ape or glue to wheel Place axle inside bearing (Large Straw) ape bearing to vehicle MAKING WHEELS FOR MODELS THA T TURN f Diagram 2 SHRINKING THE WORLD Arial 10 cm 2.2 cm Z Diagram 3 SHRINKING THE WORLD THE WHIRLY Arial First Stage Coin not V isible Actual position of coin Apparent position Second Stage Cup filled with water Coin comes into view j Diagram 4 SHRINKING THE WORLD TER REFRACTS LIGHT Arial Flashlight Slit in cardboard Mirror Reflects light beam c Diagram 5 SHRINKING THE WORLD REFLECTING LIGHT WITH A MIRROR Arial ~;Fill in the cross word puzzle according to the clues given: Across *@!1 - Patented a telegraph in 1837. *<*4 - Known for his code of dots and dashes. *<<6 - He developed the diode which improved the sensitivity of radios to radio waves. 9 - A 2Frenchman who developed the coherer which detected the effect of radio waves. *@<2 - He claims to have sent the first Morse signal across the Atlantic in 1901. *<.3 - These people used mirrors to send messages *<25 - Patented a triode to amplify weak radio waves. *<47 - First produced and detected radio waves in 1888. *<88 - He developed a variable-resistance transmitter which *<8provided a more powerful method of transmitting speech. *<710 - Usually given credit for developing the telephone. f Diagram 6 SHRINKING THE WORLD REMOTE COMMUNICA TIONS Arial Hold cards on left then flip them in order to see movement Successive cards show progression of movement from card 1 to card 15 Stick man ready to kick ball Ball is kicked card 1 card 15 d Diagram 7 SHRINKING THE WORLD FLIPPING CARDS CAN MAKE MOVIES Arial Diagram 8 SHRINKING THE WORLD PIN HOLE CAMERA Cardboard box Candle Small hole Moveable section This variation requires two boxes, but makes focusing the image possible issue paper Arial Diagram 9 SHRINKING THE WORLD COMPUTER SCRAMBLE Times New Roman Epilogue Arial ).:What new technologies will help solve our energy shortage? ).DGive two other examples of new technologies solving problems now and in the future. Times New Roman Bibliography Arial OThis bibliography is designed to provide additional data, but more importantly, *>Nto suggest books which will enable the young student to investigate the topics *?*more fully through additional activities. #The first section lists books which 0Fhave usefulness in a number of the topics found throughout the CD-ROM. General T itles 08Darling, David, "Experiment Series", Dillon Press, New Y ork, 1991. +itles in this series include : "Up Up and A way: )l%The Science of Flight"; "Making Light ork: )\!The Science of Optics"; "Spider W ebs to Skyscrapers: The Science of Structures"; Sounds Interesting: The Science of m#Acoustics"; Between Fire and Ice: The Science of Heat"; "From Glasses to Gases: The Science of Matter". {YAll the books in this series cover the basic principles in simple terms and include safe, *?Seasy to perform experiments for students to illustrate the topics with a minimum of equipment. 0"Dixon, Malcolm, "Communications", The Bookwright Press, New Y ork, 1991. {RCommunication systems from mirrors to satellites are explained in simple terms and *?Vdemonstrated with a practical series of experiments. Parents too would enjoy assisting *>Ktheir youngsters in these useful learning projects. Other titles in this "T echnology Projects {%Series" include: "Flight, Machines, W ater T )y,ransportation, Houses and Homes, Structures, Land T ransportation, T L extiles". ard, Alan, "Experimenting W 4ith Light and Illusions", Dryad Press, London, 1985. {YOver 50 easy to do experiments with the properties of light including the construction of *? phenakistascopes and zoltropes. -8Aimed at ages eight to thirteen but certainly useful for older students. Other titles in W &ard's series include: "Experimenting W ith Batteries, Bulbs and W ires"; "Experimenting W ith Magnetism"; Experimenting W "ith Nature Study"; Experimenting W Sound"; "Experimenting W ith Surface T ension and Bubbles". innings, T )NN, "Planes, Gliders, Helicopters and Other Flying Machines", Kingfisher Books, New Y ork, 1992. {QExperiments and explanations to assist in the understanding of the physics behind *?_propellers, parachutes, aircraft, airfoils, and much more. Other titles in this series include: "Cars, Bikes, T Crains and Other Land Machines"; "Cranes, Dumptrucks, Bulldozers and Other Building Machines". 04Whyman, Kathyrn, "Light and Lasers", from "Science T #oday Series", Gloucester Press, New ork, 1986. {WExperiments range from making sundials to the creation of mirages to building your own *?Tperiscope. Other titles in this series include: "Electricity and Magnetism, Chemical Arial Changes, Forces in AAction, Music and Sound, Radiation, Structure and Materials, Heat and Energy , Planet Earth, W eather , Living Things, The Solar System". The First Inventions Baker , Elaine, "Art of GAncient Civilizations", Key Stage 2 from "Picture Pak Series", Folens, Dunstable, U.K., 1992. *?[This package includes an activities book and several excellent pictures illustrating art of the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, $7Assyrians and others. Best suited for younger children. {=Another Picture Pak title of possible interest is "Art of Dif ferent Cultures", Key Stage 1. Scheik, Kathy and T ?oth, Nicholas, "Making Silent Stones Speak", Simon and Schuster , New ork, 1993. )*Ydetailed analysis of early man's simple technologies as represented in their tool-making. Improving Man s Chances of Survival Cole, Michael, and Darby, T )H*, "Bridges, Supporting Structures", Book T wo of the "T ritech {/Series", Southgate, Crediton, Devon, U.K. 1992. *?KAn excellent book to encourage students to make models of varied bridges. T echniques {9provided are useful for making other structures as well. *?!The titles in this series are: "V 3ehicles, Moving Structures" Book One; "Fairgrounds, Rotating Structures", Book Three. MacGregor, Anne and Scott, "Domes, A i/Project Book", Lothrop, Lee, and Shepard Books, New Y ork, 1981. )*'history of various types of domes from -Asian yurts to the Roman Pantheon, Istanbul's {WHagia Sophia, London's St. Paul's to today's geodesic domes. Blueprints are provided to *?'enable students to build similar domes. 0CNewhouse, Elizabeth L., "The Builders", National Geographic Society ashington, D.C., 1992. )*Rtypical National Geographic publication, with outstanding photographs and diagrams which explain details clearly 5. Covers a wide-range of topics included in the disk: {Wovercoming distances, history of buildings, tunnels (The Chunnel, for example), towers, *?0and harnessing the wind, solar and water power. An excellent book to own. allnofer A, Heinrich, "Chinese Folk Medicine", Crown Publishers Inc., New Y ork, 1965. )*Rcomprehensive examination of the ancient Chinese philosophies relating to medicine {Tand life, diagnoses and treatments, including acupuncture, exercise regimes, massage and prescriptions. einer , Michael @A., "Earth Medicine, Earth Foods", Collier-MacMillan Ltd., New Y ork, 1972. )*-layman's guide to those "useless weeds" that V(American Indians used for soups, salads, {8poultices, nerve tonics, contraceptives, and much more. Arial From Flint to Production Lines Gardner I, Robert, "Investigate and Discover Forces and Machines", Julian Messner, Englewood Clif fs, New Jersey , 1991. {WThe author uses many of the inovative exhibits and facilities of the hands-on museum at *>Vthe Franklin Institute in Philadelphia to assist in the investigation of forces and 22 *? machines. 0XJames, Elizabeth, and Barkin, Carol, "The simple Facts of Simple Machines", Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, New Y ork. 1975. {[Do it yourself activities for all ages to explain such simple tools and machines as levers, *?(wheels and axles, pulleys, screws, etc. #ime-Life Books, "Physical Forces", Alexandria, V 1 a., 1992. {=The graphics, mostly diagrams, in this book are outstanding. There is suf ficient detail to {Umake this an excellent reference, but it can also be easily read as well for it poses *?Bquestions then answers them, an interesting format for students. T opics include forces, gravity , machines, electricity !, light and sound, among others. {)An excellent book for the student to own. Utilizing the Earth s Resources 0(Feravolo, Rocco, "Magnetism, Electricity t4, Sound: More Easy Physics Projects", Prentice-Hall, Englewood Clif fs, N. J., 1968. {UOver 50 simple experiments with the principles behind them explained to ensure under- standing. A .good guide for teachers and younger students. Goeller , Lee, "How T o Make Adding Machine That Even Adds Roman Numbers", {!Harcourt-Brace Jovanovich", New Y ork, 1979. 0PHaywood, Bob and Pearce, Michael, "Science: Forces and Electricity", "Press For Action {'Series", Folens, Dunstable, U.K., 1991. This series provides clear <, concise directions for experiments and model-building, and {Sconsiderable explanations about the technology in and around the home. Other titles *>1include: "Materials" and "Sound Light and Space". Stanley , Leon S., "Easy T ;8o Make Electric Gadgets", Harvey House Publishers, New Y 1980. *?VStep by step instructions for builders from high school age and up, to create junkyard *>8cranes, electric motors, metal engraving tools and more. aylor )d/, Barbara, "Science Starter Series", Franklin W atts, New Y ork, 1990. {WThis series provides scores of experiments which are easy to perform and start students *?Xthinking about the topics. Other titles include: "Bouncing and Bending Light, Colour and *>0Light, Electricity and Magnets, Energy and Power , Force and Movement, W eight and { Balance". )('alpole, Brenda, "Movement", from "Fun W ith Science Series", W arwick Press, New Y 1987. Arial ))Written for young people, but of interest to a broad range of ages. Basic topics such as gravity G, gears and pendulums are explained, illustrated and then demonstrated. Using Natural and Artificial Materials Baker )v , Denys V al, "The Y /oung Potter", Nicholas Kaye, London,U.K., 1963. {2Easy step by step instructions to create jewellery , tiles, figures and pots. Howard, Sylvia, "T !in Can Crafting", Sterling, New Y ork, 1964. )*Qith shears, pliers, tin cans, and a good pair of work gloves, an amazing array of {Yprojects, from earrings to candleholders can be crafted (children will need supervision). Newman, Thelma R., "Crafting W ith Plastics", Chelton, Radnor , Pa., 1975. The title says it all. Shrinking the W Boyne, W 7alter J., "Smithsonian Book of Flight", Random House, A verrel, N.J., 1994. {TAn excellent history of flight with a detailed coverage of developments provided and *>@illustrated with beautiful photos and drawings. Index included. An excellent gift for a youngster who enjoys aircraft. Cobb, V icki and Josh, "Light Action: Amazing Experiments W ith Optics", Harper Collens, New ork, 1993. {ZDozens of easy to follow and fun to do experiments involving playing with the qualities of *?Tlight. Explanations are provided to enlighten all readers from youngsters to adults. Erickson, T om, "Of f and Running: The Computer Of fline )d!Activities Book", Equals/Lawrence Hall of Science, Berkeley , Calif., 1986. )*Yvariety of problems and exercises to assist students to develop problem-solving abilities and computer skills. 0/Frances, Neil, "Super Flyers", Kids CanPress, T oronto, 1988. 0'Churchill, Richard E., "Fabulous Paper Airplanes", Sterling, New Y ork, 1991. {VBoth the Frances and Churchill books will enable the student to make planes which dive and soar and do aerobatics. Greenwood, John T ., "Milestones of A 7*viation: Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum", Crescent Books, New Y ork, 1991. )*'beautifully illustrated, large-size cof .fee table book on the aviation greats from the ))Vrights to Sir Frank Whittle. Excellent detail on the varieties of aircraft from the "W right Flyer" to the S.S.T . Concorde. Arial Sootin, Harry > , "Light Experiments: For Home W orkshop And School Laboratory", W.W . Norton and Co., New Y ork, 1963. {6Over 45 experiments with very readable explanations. T "opics range from the refraction of {^light, convex or concave lenses, the dispersion of light, colored filters and polarized light. High school and older. ime-Life Books, "T ransportation", Alexandria, V a., 1992. {RAnother excellent book from the same series "Understanding Science and Nature", as *>#"Physical Forces described above. c-This book can be read or used as a reference. {_Excellent on virtually all forms of transportation, especially flight, with some historical and considerable technical data. alker , Ormiston H., "Experimenting W Air and Flight", Franklin W atts, New Y ork, 1989. )*Ysuperb book to explain the basic principles of aerodynamics, including lift, thrust, drag and gravity Q. Explained are relatively simple projects including the construction of your own {*wind tunnel, gliders, balloons, jets, etc. Times New Roman Notes: Arial !"#$% ()*+,-./0 123456 789:;<=>?Z 6| ?@ABCDEFGHW "#$%&'()* +,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDU 0`< xT@ $%&'( !"#$%&'()*+,-. 123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJ 0`< 84 00`0z !"#$ %&'()* +,-./ Z ?Z !"#$%&'()*+,- /0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHW "#$%&'()* +,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDU $%&'( !"#$%&'()*+,-. 123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJ !"#$ %&'()* +,-./ 0`< xT@ #$%&'( 0`< | !"#$% ()*+,-./0 123456 789:;<=>?Z !"#$%&'()*+,- /0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHW "#$%&'()* +,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDU $%&'( G-?K I3pM !"#$%&'()*+,-. 123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJ !"#$ %&'()* +,-./ @1 P @1 pP #$%&'( Windows 3.95 (Maker 2.01.58) ( )!!!!!! *"""""" +###### ,$$$$$$ -%%%%%% .&&&&&& /'''''' 0(((((( 1)))))) 2****** 3++++++ 4,,,,,, 5------ 6...... 7////// 844"""" 9000000 :111111 ;222222 <333333 =444444 >555555 ?666666 @777777 A888888 B999999 C:::::: D;;;;;; E<<<<<< F====== G>>>>>> H?????? 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